Fishing vessels for mechanization of trawl fishing operations have a wide variety of fishing schemes and complexes. Design of the existing schemes is carried out according to prototypes, which is the reason for the low level of mechanization of fishing operations, which does not exceed 40 %. In turn, a significant proportion of manual labor leads to an increase in unproductive time and, as a result, inefficient use of vessels in commercial fishing. As practice shows, an increase in the effectiveness of the work of courts is possible by increasing the level of mechanization of operations. In order to develop design methods and improve field schemes, an assessment of the effectiveness of the existing schemes has been carried out, where the mechanization coefficient is taken as a fundamental criterion. The selected criterion is the ratio of the number of operations carried out by mechanized means to the total number of fishing operations performed by the trawl. One of the methods for such an assessment is compilation of morphological maps. For the present study, a review and analysis of the fishing schemes and complexes for 22 trawl fishing vessels, covering trawlers with a power of 141 kW to 5148.6 kW has been carried out. After evaluating the effectiveness of these vessels, the dependences of the mechanization coefficient on the power of the power plant and the power of the fishing equipment spent on operations have been obtained. The dependencies obtained allow us to evaluate the influence of the power indicators of power plants and equipment on the mechanization coefficient, which can serve as the basis for the development of methods for designing fishing schemes for trawlers under construction, as well as improving the fishing schemes of trawlers used in operation.

The article is devoted to the fundamental problem of biochemical ecology – finding mathematical patterns that describe the effect of technogenic pollutants on vascular plants. In the activities of employees of forestry, national parks and scientific organizations of the forestry complex, there is a need to prepare forecasts of the forest ecosystems dynamics for scientific and economic activities and for the adoption of managerial phenomena. Pollution of natural areas near an industrial enterprises of the Irkutsk region is associated with dust and gas emissions from accumulated soils and plants of the unique natural object of Lake Baikal, which is under the protection of UNESCO. The object of the study is the system of interrelations of perennial plants of the genus Thalictrum sensitive to changes in habitat conditions due to growth in areas with accumulated environmental damage. The article describes the habitat conditions of marker plants. Information is given on the content of conditionally toxic elements in the soil horizons of industrially polluted territories of the Southern Baikal region. Distribution of these elements in soil horizons is described. The paper proves the possibility of using the method of mathematical modeling to identify the dependence of the habitus of an ecological marker on the conditions of influence of the natural and technogenic environment. A mathematical model is presented that relates significant environmental factors of industrially contaminated territories that affect the development of bioindicator plant species Thalictrum minus L. territory. This model was developed to carry out a predictive assessment of the state of forest ecosystems on the example of the Southern Baikal region by biologists, ecologists, and foresters.

The static coefficient of friction is the main characteristic of the fishing gear (FG) interaction with the friction machines. Its changes can lead to sliding of the FG on the surface of the drum(-s) of a machine which leads to negative consequences, such as wear of the FG, increasing time for retrieving, increasing energy consumption, etc. Currently, there are precise methods for determining the static coefficient of friction only for thread-rope products (TRP). The article presents a description and planning of the experiment with seine to determine this coefficient in relation to the seine. Experiments have been performed in laboratory conditions to comply with the TRP methodology. To carry out the research, samples of seine have been prepared from three different materials (polyamide, polypropylene, polyester) of the same diameter (2 mm), which will interact with three steel drums of different diameters (104 mm, 128 mm, 152mm). In addition, different contact arc angles (90 deg, 135 deg, 180 deg) have been taken into account. To implement this experiment, a special installation based on the strain station MIC-200 and electric motor simulating the drive of the drum of seine-hauling mechanism has been designed by the Department of Industrial Fisheries. By means of strain gauge the value of the maximum tension of the seine incoming branch (S1) will be recorded and graphical dependences of S1 on the time of the experiment (t) will be plotted. Using the obtained data, we calculate the coefficient of friction in two different ways, classical and by the formula of Nedostup and Orlov. Further, the calculated results will be compared and the corresponding conclusions will be drawn.

Seine fishing – one of the most popular type of fishing (except for trawler). With such method of fishing, working process on the vessel consists of several operations, where seine hauling is the most laborious and time-consuming. Seinehauling friction-type machines are often used for this operation. The main principle of the operation of these mechanisms is based on the friction force, which is carried out by the clutch between seine and drum of friction machine of sufficient force to haul the fishing gear. The main index of this force is the friction coefficient. This article presents a methodology for conducting and the results of experimental studies on the determination of this coefficient for fishing seine on the drum of a friction-type mechanism. The experiments described here are based on the previous work of the author associated with their planning. Net samples with specified parameters corresponding to real seine applied to the fishing were made for the experiments. Each of them interacted with three steel drums of different diameters at different angles of contact arc. By means of strainsensor connected to the strain-station "MIC-200" tension values of the incoming branch (S1) were fixed and graphic dependencies S1 from the time of experiment (t) were built. To determine the behaviour of friction coefficient comparatively to normal contact area (𝐴𝑛), graphic dependencies 𝑆1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐴𝑛, 𝐶э) were built using the obtained maximum values S1 (S1max) and the width of seine bundle on the drum (𝑏б ). After that, the relevant conclusions have been made and the following research has been planned.

The higher is the sludge moisture content, the higher are the costs for further sludge processing. Thus, agglomerated sludge is dehydrated in order to reduce the cost of its subsequent drying and transportation. The purpose of this research was to study the parameters of wastewater flocculation with cationic flocculants, followed by filtering the sludge on press filters. To improve the sludge dehydration, the following chemical reagents were used: cationic polyelectrolytes “Zetag-7664”, “Zetag7689” and “Zetag-7692”. Settling velocity of solid particles, flocculating ability and flocculating effect have been determined. The moisture content of the sludge after filtration on press filters has been measured. It has been established that the highest settling rate (7 mm/s), the highest flocculating activity and flocculating effect (0.66 and 26.2, respectively) belong to the medium cationic flocculant “Zetag-7689”. The lowest residual moisture content after filtration on press filters was shown by the medium cationic flocculant “Zetag7689” (36 %). The high cationic flocculant “Zetag-7664” and the low cationic one “Zetag-7692” had residual moisture content after flocculation and press filtration of 39 and 37%, respectively. The residual moisture content of the sludge filtered on the filter press meets the technological requirements. The release of water from this structure during filtration can be explained by the phenomenon of capillarity. A liquid meniscus is formed between the particles. In the meniscus on the opposite side of the liquid, the capillary potentials are directed in opposite directions, but their absolute values are not equal. As a result, liquid moves through the capillary until the potentials are equal. To achieve reasonable dehydration of the sludge, it is necessary to carry out test flocculation as it allows studying the processes of polyelectrolyte adsorption on the sludge, the rheological properties of wastewater suspensions and flocculant solutions. It is obligatory to select and control filter press parameters.

An increased number of river beaver (Castor fiber) in the Kaliningrad region necessitated the adoption of measures to regulate it. The use of beaver meat for the production of meat products, including sausage products, is one of the ways of processing seized animal carcasses. The quality of sausage products depends not only on safety indicators and nutritional value, but also on rheological properties and an ability to form minced meat. Vegetable components are used to increase the nutritional value, organoleptic parameters and expand the range of sausage products. The paper examines the effect of food plant components (pumpkin meal, cabbage powder, a mixture of wheat and psyllium dietary fibers) on the water-holding capacity, the depth of immersion of the penetrometer, the ultimate shear stress, the effective viscosity and adhesive properties of minced beaver meat. In all samples of minced meat with the addition of vegetable components, the water-holding capacity exceeded the water-holding capacity of the control sample (50.75 %), which led to a more juicy and dense consistency and less moisture loss of the minced meat during heat treatment. A sample with the addition of wheat and plantain plant fibers had the highest shear strength and the lowest viscosity (488.5 Pa and 15740.7 MPa*s, respectively). Whereas the addition of pumpkin meal and caster powder in comparison with the control sample practically did not affect the ultimate shear stress, and the viscosity of the minced meat increased. The stickiness of minced meat with the addition of vegetable components, characterized by adhesive properties in the form of a separation force, changed slightly compared to the control sample (0.359 kPa). It has been revealed that a sample of minced meat with the addition of a mixture of wheat and plantain dietary fibers has the best structural and mechanical properties.

Various types of pumps are used at food industry enterprises for pumping processing media. Perifirium pumps (PP) can work with a wide range of products that do not contain solid impurities and can create a large pressure at a relatively low flow rate. It is recommended to use PP with large values of the end gap between the impeller and the housing, having a linear pressure characteristic. Reducing the gap can lead to clogging of the unit and complicating its flushing between operations. Manufacturers of PP in the open access place the characteristics of pumps in dimensional form and, as a rule, only the dependence of the pressure on the flow rate. Calculations performed on the basis of the test results of JSC HMS "Livgidromash" have made it possible to determine the similarity criteria for the pumping units under consideration and to investigate their impact on performance characteristics. It has been established that for all the considered PP, the linear load characteristics (flow-head dependence) are similar; for the flow-power characteristics, one similarity criterion (θ) has been defined, when determining the efficiency (efficiency), two criteria (θ, K) have been defined. The similarity criteria for determining the flow and pressure at the working point are two dimensionless quantities (a, hC), with an increase in which the dimensionless flow decreases and the pressure increases. When determining the dimensionless power at the working point, three similarity criteria have been established (a, hC, θ), when determining the efficiency- four (a, hC, θ, K). An increase in the criteria a, hC, θ leads to an increase in the dimensionless power expended at the working point and a decrease in efficiency. The increase in efficiency occurs only with an increase in the K value.

The effect of additives of vegetable raw materials with fish collagen from the scales of fish (perch, carp) on the physicochemical and organoleptic parameters of the resulting bakery products has been studied. The optimal mass fraction of the introduction of fish collagen fraction (FCF) into vegetable raw materials (apple puree) has been determined, which is 6%. Experimental samples of low-calorie small-piece bakery products have been obtained, with the addition of various plant components in an amount of 6% by weight of raw materials with a concentration of 6 % FCF. Boiled mashed vegetable raw materials from pumpkin, carrots, beets and mashed cranberries not subjected to heat treatment have been used as herbal supplements. It has been found that in the buns "Dandelion" and "Yantarik" with FCF in the composition of vegetable raw materials, there is a decrease in baking by 1–2 % and an increase in shape stability (from 0.54 to 0.60 and from 0.60 to 0.70, respectively) compared to the control. The duration of freezing of the control and experimental samples of small-piece bakery products with FCF (at the stage of readiness of the product is 60%) in the freezer Abat SHOK-6 - 1/1 at a temperature of -25ºС, as well as the post-baking mode in the Rational 0128100.01 combi steamer, has been found experimentally. The obtained prototypes of small-piece bakery products with FCF are identical in organoleptic parameters to the control samples without the addition of fish collagen fraction. The general chemical composition (including calcium, phosphorus and energy value) of finished bakery products has been investigated. There has been a slight increase in the mass fraction of moisture, protein, ash and a decrease in the mass fraction of carbohydrates in buns with the addition of FCF compared to the control.

The article presents data from a survey of schoolchildren aged 15–16 years, showing their dietary preferences. It is emphasized that most teenagers prefer bakery and flour confectionery products as a snack. Therefore, it is important to increase the biological value of this product. It is also established that children do not consume enough fish protein, which is full-fledged and easily digestible. In this regard, the paper solves the problem of improving the technology of wheat crisp breads (crusty ends) by replacing part of the flour with rye and enriching it with protein and mineral additives. The latter is a composition obtained by the destruction of muscle, integumentary and bone tissues of fish raw materials in cheese whey. To determine the optimal parameters of this process, mathematical planning of the experiment has been carried out using a second-order central compositional plan for two factors: the degree of fineness of fish raw materials (2 times) and disaggregation duration (4 hours). The obtained protein-mineral additive is used in the production of rye-wheat loaves (crusty ends) by introducing it into the dough. The baked finished product is an attractive bakery product from light gray to light brown, well baked, with a uniform structure, without signs of undermixing, with a pleasant taste and smell with slightly pronounced fishy shades. The results of physico-chemical studies show an increase in the amount of protein by 47.3%, mineral substances – by 96.3 %. The indicator of the biological value of the protein is 124 %, which characterizes its balance. The utilitarianism coefficient of amino acids increases twice when a protein-mineral supplement is added to the standard recipe of bread, which indicates expediency of its introduction. It has been established that crisp breads are characterized by a high content of the most important mineral elements (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus), thus the new product is functional.

The paper presents an example of the use of a crank-rocker mechanism as a part of two machines: low-speed and high-speed. In the first case, the basic mechanism is a part of a two-cylinder reciprocating compressor, in the second case it is a part of a six-link mechanism. It contains a crank-rocker mechanism and it contains a crankrocker mechanism and L.V. Assura’s structural group. It contains a link and a hollow prism hinged to the post.

The dynamic analysis of the crank-rocker mechanism has been performed. The total reactions in its vapors have been determined. At the first stage, the nature of the change in the components of speed and acceleration of the center of the connecting rod is established. Diagrams of angular velocities of the connecting rod and rocker are given. The diagrams have been analyzed. At the second stage, the total reactions in the pairs of the mechanism from the action of inertia forces have been determined. It is shown that the reactions in pairs formed by a crank with a rack and with a connecting rod, respectively, change identically. The total reaction in the rocker-stand pair has an oscillating character of change in time. At the third stage, in addition to the forces of inertia, the influence of the nature gravity of the change in reactions has been taken into account. It has been established that at a given angular velocity of the crank, the inertial forces make an insignificant contribution to the values of the total reactions. At the fourth stage of the dynamic analysis of the mechanism, in determining the reactions, the forces of inertia and gravity, as well as the forces of friction, have been taken into account. The coefficient of friction is assumed to be 0.4 in all pairs of the mechanism. Accounting for friction when determining reactions leads to their local bursts in the vicinity of its three positions. These are the two extreme positions and the minimum position of the transmission angle. The total reactions in the pairs of the basic mechanism are determined mainly by the gravity forces of the links at the chosen angular velocity of the crank. As a result of the performed dynamic analysis of the basic mechanism, the parameters have been obtained. They are needed to study the stress-strain state and assess the strength of the mechanism links.

It is shown that the use of semiconductor converter equipment and electrical technologies with non-linear characteristics in ship power facilities and their elements causes electromagnetic interference in ship power systems, which are based on higher harmonics. The paper presents the analysis of the power quality indicators that regulate voltage and current harmonics in power supply systems. In order to develop solutions and approaches to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of electrical equipment of ship power plants and their elements, the following have been performed: experimental studies of electromagnetic interference caused by the operation of ship electrical equipment, implemented on the basis of elements with non-linear characteristics; computational studies on a mathematical model of the propagation of higher harmonics of current and voltage through the elements of the ship's electric power system. Experimental studies of power quality indicators - higher harmonics, caused by the operation of electrical equipment with non-linear characteristics, have been carried out in the electric power system of the "Kruzenshtern" sailing training vessel. An analysis of the results of experimental studies of ship electrical equipment: semiconductor converters, power transformers, frequency-controlled electrical wires, LED lamps, and others showed that during their operation, odd current harmonics from the third and higher are emitted into the ship's electrical power system. The results of studies of the propagation of higher harmonic and related effects on a mathematical model developed on the basis of the equivalent circuit of a ship's electric power system for higher harmonics of an odd order, not multiples of three, are presented. On the mathematical model, the contribution has been estimated to the total coefficient of harmonic voltage components from semiconductor converters that feed the DC load. A relationship has been established from the influence of higher harmonics on the operation of asynchronous electric motors.

Tooth wheels are among the most widely spread machine parts which are used in different machines and mechanisms, Consequently, increase of productivity and quality of their manufacturing is one of the major tasks facing technologists and producers of instruments all over the world. A variety of tooth wheels for helical gears have a different design form, manufacture of which requires a variety of different technologies, as well as a variety of gear-cutting tools based on third-class shaping schemes. Such transmissions are widespread in general mechanical engineering and are used in mechanisms with low capacities and significant gear ratios. The quietness and smooth operation of such transmissions is one of their main advantages. If the gear ratio is less than eight, then the tooth contact is point-like. The initial tooth contact occurs at a point, while significant sliding speeds occur in the contact zone, leading to intense wear of the teeth. Therefore, in this work, a helical gear train has been developed, which has a linear character of tooth contact at any gear ratio. The load capacity of gears and, above all, their wear largely depends on the size of the contact pattern. A contact pattern has been found in helical gears, as well as cylindrical-hyperboloid gears with various geometric and kinematic parameters. Evaluation of the influence of various factors on the size of the contact pattern has been determined experimentally. The dependence between the contact pattern area and the geometric parameters of the gears included in the gear transmission has been found.

The present study can be used when designing orthogonal helical gear transmissions of different types aimed at significant increase of their loading capacity and lasting use.

This article shows basic features of the gas supply system in twostroke dual-fuel engines with a high-pressure gas injection system from MAN B&W. The main methods of using gas as the main fuel for LNG tankers have been considered. Distribution of boil-off gas to ship consumers through the use of high-pressure multistage reciprocating compressors is described. The main differences between gas injection engine systems and conventional electronic engines of the ME-C series are indicated. The article presents the analysis of the mechanisms of nitrogen oxides formation; a calculation method is presented using an integral equation. An extended thermal model for the formation of nitrogen oxides (the Zeldovich mechnism) has been considered, formulas for calculating the reaction rate constants for the Zeldovich mechanism have been developed. According to the equation, when refining the ratio of the nitrogen oxide concentration to its equilibrium value and the reaction rates, an integral equation has been obtained for calculating the amount of nitrogen oxides. The paper shows the results of the multi-zone calculation of nitrogen oxides at various loads of the MAN 6S70 ME-GI engine (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) in dual-fuel and single-fuel modes. It is shown that the largest emissions are produced at the moment of pilot fuel ignition.

The paper shows the urgency of creating a new methodological support for solving one of the urgent problems of optimizing the hull structure at the stages of its design and creation, which provides for finding a vector of optimized variables at which the efficiency criterion reaches an extreme value. F (x) → min (max) and the requirements for the structures of ships are fulfilled, specified by the corresponding restrictions ѱ, and determining the requirements of the technical specifications for the structures being created and their manufacturing technology. To solve the problem of optimizing the structure, a 3D-model of the structure and a 3D-model of assembly and welding equipment have been created. Taking into account the requirements of the technology to improve the accuracy of manufacturing the hull structures of ships and improve the quality of welded structures, as well as the requirements to reduce the stress-strain state in the created structures, the article makes proposals for the modernization of the universal rack-mount assembly and welding equipment and analyzes the stresses and strains arising in the structures, which has made it possible to assess feasibility of such modernization in order to increase accuracy and manufacturability of making hull structures and reduce their stress-strain state. Sketch and design models of this equipment have been built. Conclusions have been made based on the calculations results.

The paper shows the state of bifurcation in the development of the Russian economy, which arose as a result of the sanctions war between Western countries and Russia and requires the adoption of accelerated measures to change the state sectoral and regional innovation and investment policy. Bifurcation is accompanied by deglobalization and a multi-phase storm, both for Russian market participants and for their partners: economic, informational, technological, cultural, civilizational, which are superimposed by waves of climatic cataclysms and the Covid-19 pandemic. New economic conditions are considered in the interrelation of global, federal and regional processes in the economy and social environment. The aim of the work is to study the features of the innovation and investment policy of the Kaliningrad region in the context of dynamic processes inside and outside the enclave region and complex transport logistics. The paper shows the balance of strategic, tactical and operational plans for the development of the region's infrastructure with large industrial, agricultural and social projects, the development of human capital. The main approaches and principles of the work of the regional management team, the concepts and mechanisms of investment policy, taking into account the region characteristics, have been studied. High efficiency of the teamwork of the Kaliningrad region administration is shown, which has chosen large promising innovation and investment projects, the development of the infrastructure of industrial parks and large social projects to en sure energy and food security, which together form a favorable image of a territory of dynamic development, as growth points. On the example of organizing a public-private partnership, the possibilities of accelerating the economic development of the region with the provision of technological and digital independence are investigated. The main stages of the innovative self-sustaining process of creating new products with the separation of the functions of the state and business with the allocation of growth points in the context of the digital economy have been considered. An effective and balanced innovation and investment policy of regional management ensures sustainable development of the Kaliningrad region in the conditions of a multi-phase storm in the economy